Cystitis — a urinary tract infection (UTI) affecting the bladder — is one of the most common infections in women, with more than half of all women experiencing at least one episode in their lifetime. It’s painful, disruptive and, if left untreated, can progress to a kidney infection.

Why Women Get Cystitis More Than Men

Female anatomy is the key factor: women have a much shorter urethra (approximately 4cm vs 20cm in men), meaning bacteria from the skin or gut can more easily reach the bladder. The urethra’s proximity to the vagina and anus also increases bacterial access. Sexual activity is a significant trigger — often called “honeymoon cystitis.”

Symptoms

  • Burning or stinging sensation when urinating (dysuria)
  • Frequent urge to urinate, even when the bladder is nearly empty
  • Cloudy or dark urine, sometimes with an unpleasant smell
  • Discomfort or pressure in the lower abdomen
  • Visible blood in urine (haematuria) — common with cystitis but always worth mentioning to a GP

OTC Treatment Options

Alkalising sachets — sodium citrate (Cymalon, Cystopurin, CanesOasis) raise urine pH, making it less acidic and reducing the burning and stinging symptoms. They don’t kill bacteria but provide meaningful symptomatic relief. Take dissolved in water every 8 hours for up to 48 hours. Note: avoid if you have heart disease or high blood pressure (sodium content), or if you’re pregnant (seek advice). Increased fluid intake — drinking 2–3 litres of water daily flushes bacteria from the urinary tract. Simple, free, and effective. Avoid caffeine and alcohol which irritate the bladder. Paracetamol or ibuprofen — for pain relief.

When Antibiotics Are Necessary

If symptoms persist beyond 48 hours, worsen, or if you develop fever, back/loin pain, shivers or vomiting (signs of a kidney infection — pyelonephritis), you need antibiotics. A kidney infection is a serious condition requiring prompt treatment. See a GP urgently or call 111.

Cranberry for Prevention

Cranberry products contain proanthocyanidins (PACs) that prevent E. coli from adhering to the bladder wall. Evidence supports their use for prevention of recurrent UTIs (approximately 35% reduction) rather than treatment of active infection. Cranberry extract capsules are more effective than juice (which has too much sugar).

Preventing Recurrent Cystitis

Urinate promptly after sexual intercourse. Wipe front to back. Stay well hydrated. Avoid holding urine. D-Mannose supplement — compelling evidence for preventing recurrent E. coli UTIs; D-Mannose competitively inhibits bacterial adhesion. Cotton underwear.

Shop Cystitis Treatments at Chemist 2 Customer. Related: Women’s Health Guide, Thrush Treatment.