Dry skin (xerosis) is one of the most common skin complaints in the UK — and it’s not just a cosmetic issue. Chronically dry skin is uncomfortable, itchy, and can break down into eczema or become infected. The right moisturising routine makes a transformative difference.

What Causes Dry Skin?

Healthy skin has a barrier function — a combination of proteins, lipids (ceramides, fatty acids, cholesterol) and natural moisturising factors (NMFs) that retain water and protect against environmental damage. When this barrier is impaired, water evaporates rapidly (transepidermal water loss, TEWL) and irritants penetrate. External causes: cold weather (reduces natural oil production), low humidity (central heating), hot water, harsh soaps, excessive washing. Internal causes: ageing (sebum production declines after 50), atopic tendency, hypothyroidism, diabetes, dehydration, nutritional deficiencies (Vitamin A, essential fatty acids), certain medications (diuretics, retinoids).

The Three Types of Moisturising Ingredients

Humectants draw water from the deeper dermis and from the environment into the epidermis: hyaluronic acid, glycerin, urea (at low concentrations), sorbitol. Best in humid conditions or applied to damp skin. Emollients fill the gaps between skin cells, smoothing and softening: squalane, shea butter, jojoba oil, ceramides. Restore lipid barrier. Occlusives form a physical barrier on the skin surface, sealing moisture in: petrolatum (Vaseline), beeswax, dimethicone, lanolin. Most effective for very dry or damaged skin.

The Best Moisturisers for Dry Skin

For very dry, cracked skin: thick ointments or balms (petroleum-based). For dry body skin: rich creams with ceramides or shea butter. For dry facial skin: fragrance-free cream moisturisers with ceramides and hyaluronic acid. For dry hands: barrier creams with glycerin and dimethicone. For dry feet: urea-based creams (10–25%) — urea is both a humectant and a keratolytic, softening thickened skin.

How to Moisturise Effectively

Apply immediately after bathing to damp skin — the “3-minute rule.” Pat skin dry gently rather than rubbing. Apply liberally — don’t be stingy with emollients for dry skin. Repeat throughout the day if needed. Hands in particular need regular reapplication, especially after washing.

Shop Dry Skin Products at Chemist 2 Customer. Related: Eczema Guide, Skincare Guide.